Una actualización en el protocolo en cáncer de próstata metastásico hormonosensible / Hormone sensitive protocol for metastatic prostate cancer, an update

Revisar y actualizar los últimos protocolos en cáncer de próstata metastásico hormonosensible para mejorar su manejo clínico en la práctica clínica. Realizar un análisis de los datos y los protocolos más recientes en el cáncer de próstata metastásico hormonosensible según paneles de expertos en este ámbito. Actualmente se necesita un grupo de consenso nominal para unificar y mejorar las recomendaciones para el manejo de pacientes sensibles con cáncer de próstata metastásico. Este documento unifica y mejora el manejo de los pacientes con cáncer de próstata metastásico hormonosensible, con una metodología que combina datos cuantitativos y cualitativos, y basada en la participación de un amplio comité científico designado por la Asociación Española de Urología (AU)

To review and update last protocols in hormone sensitive metastatic prostate cancer for improving clinical management in routine. Evidence analysis available about recent updates protocols in hormone sensitive metastatic prostate cancer according to expert panel of clinicians about this field. A nominal consensus group for unify and improve the recommendations to the management of sensitive metastatic prostate cancer patients is currently needed. This document unifies and improve the management of patients with hormone sensitive metastatic prostate cancer, with a methodology that combines data quantitative and qualitative and based on the participation of a broad scientific committee appointed by the Spanish Association of Urology (AU)

Hormone sensitive protocol for metastatic prostate cancer, an update.

To review and update last protocols in hormone sensitive metastatic prostate cancer for improving clinical management in routine. Evidence analysis available about recent updates protocols in hormone sensitive metastatic prostate cancer according to expert panel of clinicians about this field. A nominal consensus group for unify and improve the recommendations to the management of sensitive metastatic prostate cancer patients is currently needed. This document unifies and improve the management of patients with hormone sensitive metastatic prostate cancer, with a methodology that combines data quantitative and qualitative and based on the participation of a broad scientific committee appointed by the Spanish Association of Urology.

Cistoscopia virtual, urografía por tomografía computarizada y uretrocistoscopia óptica en el diagnóstico y el seguimiento del cáncer de vejiga / Virtual cystoscopy, computed tomography urography and optical cystoscopy for the detection and follow-up for bladder cancer

Objetivos. Evaluar la utilidad de la cistoscopia virtual (CV) realizada junto con la urografía por tomografía computarizada (URO-TC) en pacientes en estudio por hematuria macroscópica o en seguimiento por antecedente de cáncer de vejiga tratado, y comparar los resultados con los obtenidos con la técnica de referencia (uretrocistoscopia óptica [UCO]). Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de 117 pacientes derivados para realización de CV y URO-TC desde el Departamento de Urología entre mayo de 2014 y mayo de 2015. Dichos pacientes presentaban hematuria macroscópica o habían sido tratados previamente por cáncer de vejiga y estaban bajo seguimiento periódico. Fueron sometidos a CV tras la distensión de la vejiga con aire. Los resultados obtenidos fueron comparados con los de la UCO realizada no más de una semana después. Resultados. La sensibilidad y la especificidad global de la CV fueron del 81,8% y el 92,1%, respectivamente. La tasa de hallazgos críticos (que comprometían la vida del paciente) detectados en la URO-TC realizada junto a la CV fue del 12%, similar a la de otros estudios. Conclusión. La CV es una técnica útil en el diagnóstico y el seguimiento del cáncer de vejiga, con buena correlación con la UCO. Sus principales limitaciones son la imposibilidad de toma de biopsia y la capacidad para detectar lesiones eritematosas de mucosa. El empleo concomitante de la URO-TC aporta hallazgos incidentales críticos, pero el incremento en la dosis de radiación no justifica el empleo combinado de ambas (AU)

Objectives. To evaluate the utility of virtual cystoscopy (VC) performed with CT urography in patients being studied under gross hematuria or patients being followed-up after a previous bladder cancer and compare the results with those obtained with gold standard technique (optical cystoscopy). Methods. Retrospective study of 117 patients who were referred for VC by the Urology Department between May 2014 and May 2015. Those patients presented with gross hematuria or they were previously treated patients from bladder cancer being followed up. These patients were evaluated with MDCT and virtual cystoscopy after distending the bladder with air. The results were compared with those obtained with optical cystoscopy which was performed no more than a week after. Results. The global sensitivity and specificity of VC were 81,8 and 92,1%. Aditional findings detected in CT urography were an aortic dissection, urinary lithiasis and colonic metastasis. Conclusion. VC seems an useful technique in the diagnosis and follow-up for bladder cancer with a good correlation with OC. The main limitations are the impossibility of biopsy during the procedure and the detection of erythematous lesions. Collateral findings can be detected performed with CT urography although the high radiation exposure does not recommend their combined use (AU)

Virtual cystoscopy, computed tomography urography and optical cystoscopy for the detection and follow-up for bladder cancer. / Cistoscopia virtual, urografía por tomografía computarizada y uretrocistoscopia óptica en el diagnóstico y el seguimiento del cáncer de vejiga.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the utility of virtual cystoscopy (VC) performed with CT urography in patients being studied under gross hematuria or patients being followed-up after a previous bladder cancer and compare the results with those obtained with gold standard technique (optical cystoscopy). METHODS: Retrospective study of 117 patients who were referred for VC by the Urology Department between May 2014 and May 2015. Those patients presented with gross hematuria or they were previously treated patients from bladder cancer being followed up. These patients were evaluated with MDCT and virtual cystoscopy after distending the bladder with air. The results were compared with those obtained with optical cystoscopy which was performed no more than a week after. RESULTS: The global sensitivity and specificity of VC were 81,8 and 92,1%. Aditional findings detected in CT urography were an aortic dissection, urinary lithiasis and colonic metastasis. CONCLUSION: VC seems an useful technique in the diagnosis and follow-up for bladder cancer with a good correlation with OC. The main limitations are the impossibility of biopsy during the procedure and the detection of erythematous lesions. Collateral findings can be detected performed with CT urography although the high radiation exposure does not recommend their combined use.

Síndrome del Cascanueces / Nutcracker syndrome

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[Quality of life in patients diagnosed of prostate cancer treated with continuous androgen deprivation therapy vs. intermittent therapy]. / Calidad de vida de pacientes con cáncer de próstata en tratamiento con bloqueo androgénico continuo vs intermitente.

BACKGROUND: Treatment with intermittent androgen deprivation (IAD) seeks to improve the quality of life of patients with prosta-te cancer, with the same oncologic results as continuous androgen deprivation (CAD). The aim of this paper is to compare, using the CAVIPRES questionnaire, the quality of life between two groups of patients, one treated with CAD and the other with IAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A longitudinal study was performed for 24 months involving 114 patients. After 6 months, patients were randomized to two treatment groups (49 patients in CAD and 51 patients in IAD), controlled at 6, 12 and 18 months from randomisation. The score of the items and the overall score of the CAVIPRES questionnaire between the two groups was compared and their variation over time was studied. RESULTS: Patients with IAD had a better overall score than patients with CAD (p=0.002). Of the 5 blocks of items into which the questionnaire was divided, the IAD group had a better score than CAD in "Psychological aspects" (p=0.009) and "Social and partner support" (p=0.008). At 18 months, IAD improved the overall quality of life of patients relative to the time of randomization (p=0.000), as well as the score for "Sexual Life" (p=0.000) and "Social and partner support" (p=0.002). CAD did not improve overall quality of life or the score for the different blocks throughout the study (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: IAD improves overall quality of life of patients at 18 months of stopping treatment.

Calidad de vida de pacientes con cáncer de próstata en tratamiento con bloqueo androgénico continuo vs intermitente. Estudio prospectivo mediante la aplicación del cuestionario CAVIPRES / Quality of life in patients diagnosed of prostate cancer treated with continuous androgen deprivation therapy vs. intermittent therapy. Prospective study through the application of the CAVIPRES questionnaire

Fundamento: El tratamiento con bloqueo androgénico intermitente (BAI) pretende mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes con cáncer de próstata con los mismos resultados oncológicos que el bloqueo androgénico continuo (BAC). El presente trabajo compara la calidad de vida mediante la aplicación del cuestionario CAVIPRES entre dos grupos de pacientes, uno tratado con BAC y otro con BAI. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal de 24 meses de duración que incluyó 114 pacientes. Tras 6 meses se aleatorizaron a ambos grupos de tratamiento (49 pacientes a BAC y 51 a BAI), controlándose posteriormente a los 6, 12 y 18 meses de aleatorizarlos. Se comparó la puntuación de los bloques de ítems y la puntuación global del cuestionario CAVIPRES entre ambos grupos de tratamiento y se estudió su variación a lo largo del tiempo. Resultados: Los pacientes con BAI presentaron mejor calidad de vida global que los pacientes con BAC (p=0,002). De los 5 bloques en los que se divide el cuestionario, el grupo BAI presentó mejor puntuación que el BAC en "Aspectos psicológicos" (p=0,009) y "Apoyo social y pareja" (p=0,008). El BAI mejoró la calidad de vida global de los pacientes a los 18 meses respecto al momento de la aleatorización (p=0,000), y la puntuación de "Vida Sexual" (p=0,000) y "Apoyo social y pareja" (p=0,002). El BAC no mejoró ni la calidad de vida global ni la puntuación de los diferentes bloques a largo del estudio (p>0,05). Conclusión: El BAI mejora la calidad de vida global de los pacientes a los 18 meses de la suspensión del tratamiento (AU)

Background: Treatment with intermittent androgen deprvation (IAD) seeks to improve the quality of life of patients with prostate cancer, with the same oncologic results as continuous androgen deprivation (CAD). The aim of this paper is to compare, using the CAVIPRES questionnaire, the quality of life between two groups of patients, one treated with CAD and the other with IAD. Materials and methods: A longitudinal study was performed for 24 months involving 114 patients. After 6 months, patients were randomized to two treatment groups (49 patients in CAD and 51 patients in IAD), controlled at 6, 12 and 18 months from randomisation. The score of the items and the overall score of the CAVIPRES questionnaire between the two groups was compared and their variation over time was studied. Results: Patients with IAD had a better overall score than patients with CAD (p=0.002). Of the 5 blocks of items into which the questionnaire was divided, the IAD group had a better score than CAD in "Psychological aspects" (p=0.009) and "Social and partner support" (p=0.008). At 18 months, IAD improved the overall quality of life of patients relative to the time of randomization (p=0.000), as well as the score for "Sexual Life" (p=0.000) and "Social and partner support" (p=0.002). CAD did not improve overall quality of life or the score for the different blocks throughout the study (p>0.05). Conclusions: IAD improves overall quality of life of patients at 18 months of stopping treatment (AU)

[Treatment of locally advanced renal tumors]. / Tratamiento de los tumores renales localmente avanzados.

INTRODUCTION: Locally advanced renal tumors show a high progression rate after surgery. Surgical treatment of renal tumors has some unique characteristics related to involvement of the adrenal gland, vena cava, or regional lymph nodes. OBJECTIVE: To review the current treatment of locally advanced renal tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review is made of both the different drugs used and the different therapeutic possibilities in these tumors. RESULTS: Systemic treatment with angiogenesis inhibitors may improve the natural history of these patients. Systemic treatment may be administered before surgery or as an adjuvant to surgical treatment. Early studies showed a decrease in tumor mass when treatment is administered before surgery, but no prospective randomized studies providing adequate evidence for recommending neoadjuvant treatment are available. CONCLUSIONS: Availability of systemic treatment with angiogenesis inhibitors may open an important field in the treatment of these tumors in both the neoadjuvant setting and as adjuvants to surgery, but no sufficiently solid scientific evidence as to recommend their use is currently available. Randomized studies with sunitinib and sorafenib will probably suggest the adequate approach to be used when their final results are reported.

Tratamiento de los tumores renales localmente avanzados / Treatment of locally advanced renal tumors

Introducción: los tumores renales localmente avanzados presentan un alto porcentaje de progresión tras el tratamiento quirúrgico. El tratamiento quirúrgico de estos tumores renales presenta algunas peculiaridades en relación con la afectación de la glándula suprarrenal, de la vena cava o de la afectación de ganglios regionales. Objetivo: revisar el tratamiento actual de los carcinomas renales localmente avanzados. Material y métodos: se realiza una revisión de los distintos fármacos utilizados, así como de las distintas posibilidades terapéuticas en estos tumores. Resultados: el tratamiento sistémico con inhibidores de la angiogénesis puede mejorar la historia natural de estos pacientes. La pauta de tratamiento sistémico puede ser preoperatoria o adyuvante al tratamiento quirúrgico. Los primeros estudios realizados muestran una disminución de la masa tumoral cuando se realiza tratamiento preoperatorio, aunque no existen estudios prospectivos aleatorizados que nos den suficiente evidencia para recomendarla neoadyuvancia. Conclusiones: la aparición de los tratamientos sistémicos con inhibidores de la angiogénesis puede abrir un campo importante en el tratamiento de estos tumores, tanto en neoadyuvancia como en adyuvancia a la cirugía, pero en la actualidad no tenemos evidencias científicas suficientemente sólidas para recomendar su uso de forma indiscriminada. Probablemente serán los estudios aleatorizados con sunitinib y/o sorafenib los que marcarán la pauta a seguir cuando se completen los resultados definitivos (AU)

Introduction: Locally advanced renal tumors show a high progression rate after surgery. Surgical treatment of renal tumors has some unique characteristics related to involvement of the adrenal gland, vena cava, or regional lymph nodes. Objective: To review the current treatment of locally advanced renal tumors. Materials and methods: A review is made of both the different drugs used and the different therapeutic possibilities in these tumors. Results: Systemic treatment with angiogenesis inhibitors may improve the natural history of these patients. Systemic treatment may be administered before surgery or as an adjuvant to surgical treatment. Early studies showed a decrease in tumor mass when treatment is administered before surgery, but no prospective randomized studies providing adequate evidence for recommending neoadjuvant treatment are available. Conclusions: Availability of systemic treatment with angiogenesis inhibitors may open an important field in the treatment of these tumors in both the neoadjuvant setting and as adjuvants to surgery, but no sufficiently solid scientific evidence as to recommend their use is currently available. Randomized studies with sunitinib and sorafenib will probably suggest the adequate approach to be used when their final results are reported (AU)

[Incidentally detected renal cancer. Prognostic factors]. / Tumores renales incidentales. Factores pronósticos.

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical and pathological characteristics of incidental renal tumors treated in our center. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review is conducted of 318 nephrectomies comparing the clinico-pathological variables of renal tumors diagnosed incidentally with those of symptomatic renal tumors. The factors influencing disease-free survival are analyzed in both groups. RESULTS: In our experience, although incidental renal tumors presented better survival than symptomatic ones owing to their better pathological state and tumor grade, incidental diagnosis was not an independent influencing factor in the multivariate study. Only when patients were studied who did not present metastases on diagnosis did incidental diagnosis become an influencing factor very close to statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Incidental diagnosis is not an independent prognostic factor.

Tumores renales incidentales. Factores pronósticos / Incidentally detected renal cancer. Prognostic factors

OBJETIVO: Valorar las características clínicas y patológicas de los tumores renales incidentales tratados en nuestro centro. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realiza una revisión retrospectiva de 318 nefrectomías comparando las variables clínico-patológicas de los tumores diagnosticados de forma incidental con los tumores renales sintomáticos. Se analizan los diferentes factores influyentes en la supervivencia libre de enfermedad en ambos grupos. RESULTADOS: En nuestra experiencia, aunque los tumores renales incidentales presentan una mejor supervivencia que los sintomáticos por presentar mejor estadio patológico y mejor grado tumoral,el diagnóstico incidental no se muestra como factor influyente independiente en el estudio multivariado.Solamente cuando se estudian aquellos pacientes que no presentaban metástasis al diagnóstico,el diagnóstico incidental se presenta como un factor influyente de forma muy próxima a la significación estadística. CONCLUSIONES: El diagnóstico incidental no es un factor pronóstico independiente

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical and pathological characteristics of incidental renal tumors treated in our center. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review is conducted of 318 nephrectomies comparingthe clinico-pathological variables of renal tumors diagnosed incidentally with those of symptomatic renal tumors. The factors influencing disease-free survival are analyzed in both groups. RESULTS: In our experience, although incidental renal tumors presented better survival thansymptomatic ones owing to their better pathological state and tumor grade, incidental diagnosis was not an independent influencing factor in the multivariate study. Only when patients were studied who did not present metastases on diagnosis did incidental diagnosis become an influencing factor very close to statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Incidental diagnosis is not an independent prognostic factor

[Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid manifested initially as asymptomatic primary renal neoplasm]. / Masa renal asintomática como primera manifestación de carcinoma folicular de tiroides.

Metastases in the kidney are rare, evenmore if primary source is thyroid. We report the tenth case of metastases in the kidney from thyroid, and it is the first to be follicular type and absolutely asymptom. Sonography and computerized tomography with suspicion of renal tumour are showed in a asymtom female 75 years old. Left partial nephrectomy was perfomed, initially it has been pathologically diagnosed as renal clear cells tumour, however the definitive pathologic report showed follicular tumour of thyroid. Local and systemic stage was discovered with complementary techniques. Sources of metastases in kidney and diagnoses techniques are discussed.

[Mutations of the androgen receptor gene in patients with clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate]. / Mutaciones del gen del receptor de andrógenos en pacientes con adenocarcinoma de próstata clínicamente localizado.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to detect mutations in the human androgen receptor gene in radical prostatectomy specimens. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The genomic sequence was realized in 67 radical prostatectomy specimens. The mean age was 64 years old. The PSA median was 15 ng/ml. TNM 1997: 34.3% were T1 and 65.7% T2. Genomic sequence: 1. Radical prostatectomy specimens desparaffitation. 2. Extraction of the DNA 3. DNA amplification. 4. Automatic genome sequence. 5. Comparison with Gene-Bank. RESULTS: 16.7% of the specimens were mutated. The most frequent mutation was the punctual mutation. The exon most frequent mutated was exon 1.

Masa renal asintomática como primera manifestación de carcinoma folicular de tiroides / Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid manifested initially asymtom primary renal neoplasm

Las metástasis de carcinoma de tiroides en riñón son raras. Presentamos el 10º caso, que conocemos publicado, de metástasis tiroidea en riñón y el primero del tipo folicular y asintomático. Se trata de una paciente de 75 años asintomática, que presenta una masa en el riñón derecho, que se decide realizar nefrectomía parcial derecha. El diagnóstico provisional habla de tumor de células claras renales pero el definitivo es de metástasis de carcinoma folicular de tiroides, descubrimos un estado avanzado de la enfermedad tanto localmente como a distancia. Las fuentes de metástasis en el riñón así como las técnicas diagnósticas son discutidas en el caso (AU)

Metastases in the kidney are rare, even more if primary source is thyroid. We report the tenth case of metastases in the kidney from thyroid, and it is the first to be follicular type and absolutely asymptom. Sonography and computerized tomography with suspicion of renal tumour are showed in a asymtom female 75 years old. Left partial nephrectomy was perfomed, initially it has been pathologically diagnosed as renal clear cells tumour, however the definitive pathologic report showed follicular tumour of thyroid. Local and systemic stage was discovered with complementary techniques. Sources of metastases in kidney and diagnoses techniques are discussed (AU)

Mutaciones del gen del receptor de andrógenos en pacientes con adenocarcinoma de próstata clínicamente localizado / Human Androgen receptor gene mutations in patients uit clinically localized prostate cancer

Los objetivos del presente trabajo son el estudio de las mutaciones del gen del receptor de andrógenos, tanto su frecuencia como su localización en pacientes sometidos a prostatectomía radical. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó la secuenciación genómica en 67 pacientes sometidos a prostatectomía radical. La edad media fue de 64 años. La mediana de PSA fue de 15 ng/ml. El 34,3% de los pacientes presentaban un estadio T1 y el 65,7% un estadio T2. Secuenciación genómica: 1. Desparafinación de las muestras. 2. Extracción del ADN genómico. 3. Amplificación del ADN. 4. Secuenciación. 5. Evaluación de la secuenciación con el GenBank. RESULTADOS: Un 16,7% de los pacientes presentaban mutaciones del gen del receptor de andrógenos. La mutación más frecuente fue la mutación puntual. El exón más frecuentemente mutado fue el exón 1 (AU)

The aim of this study was to detect mutations in the human androgen receptor gene in radical prostatectomy specimens. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The genomic sequence was realized in 67 radical prostatectomy specimens. The mean age was 64 years old. The PSA median was 15 ng/ml. TNM 1997: 34.3% were T1and 65.7% T2. Genomic sequence: 1. Radical prostatectomy specimens desparaffitation. 2. Extraction of the DNA3. DNA amplification. 4. Automatic genome sequence. 5. Comparison with Gene-Bank. RESULTS: 16.7% of the specimens were mutated. The most frequent mutation was the punctual mutation. The exon most frecuent mutated was exon 1 (AU)

[Solitary lung metastasis after radical prostatectomy]. / Metástasis pulmonar solitaria tras prostatectomía radical.

Prostate carcinoma is diagnosed in earlier phases of its evolution, but this carcinoma may have an unpredictible evolution. Radical treatment (surgery and radiotherapy) is the best treatment in clinically localized tumors. The biochemical failure over 5 years from the surgery is 20-50% of the patients; the biochemical failure over 10 years from the surgery is less frequent because of prognostic factors from the biologic nature of the tumor. We report a case with biochemical and clinical failure over 10 years from the surgery.

Utilidad del pet en el diagnóstico y respuesta al tratamiento en un tumor germinal extragonadal de presentación atípica / Pet utility in the diagnostic and follow up in atipic presentation of extragonadal germ cell tumour

Los tumores primarios de origen extragonadal son raros, con menos de 1.000 casos descritos en la literatura. Aunque la incidencia de los TGE (tumores germinales extragonadales) es desconocida, datos clínicos sugieren que constituyen alrededor del 3-5 por ciento de todos los tumores de células germinales. Presentamos un caso clínico de TGE con una presentación clínica atípica. Exponemos nuestra experiencia diagnóstica y terapéutica en este tipo de lesiones (AU)

Primary tumors of extragonadal origin are rare, with fewer than 1000 cases described in the literature. Although the exact incidence of EGTs is unknown, clinical data suggest that roughly 3% to 5% of all germ cell tumors. We expouse a case report of EGT with unusually clinic presentation. We present our diagnostic and terapeutic experience in this injuries (AU)

Metástasis pulmonar solitaria tras prostatectomía radical / Solitary pulmonar metastasis after radical prostatectomy

El carcinoma de próstata es un tumor que cada vez se diagnostica en fases más precoces de su evolución pero que puede presentar un comportamiento caprichoso e impredecible. El tratamiento radical tanto prostatectomía como radioterapia es el tratamiento de elección en paciente con tumores clínicamente localizados, sin embargo el fracaso bioquímico a los 5 años de la cirugía afecta al 20-50 por ciento de estos pacientes, la progresión a partir de los 5 años de tratamiento es un hecho poco frecuente que puede deberse a factores pronósticos poco conocidos de la propia naturaleza biológica del tumor. Presentamos un caso clínico en que tras 10 años del tratamiento radical sin evidenciar progresión bioquímica ni progresión clínica, aparece un nódulo pulmonar solitario junto con discreta elevación de las cifras de PSA (AU)

Prostate carcinoma is diagnosed in carlier phases of its evolution, bat this carcinoma may have an impredictible evolution. Radical treatment (surgery and radiotherapy) is the best treatment in clinical localitathed tumors. The biochemical failure over 5 years from the surgery is 20-50% of the patients the biochemical failure over 10 years from the surgery is a less frequent because of prognostic factors from the biologic nature of the tumor. We report a case with biochemical and clinical failure over 10 years from the surgery (AU)